SEEFOR 16(1): 1-7
Article ID: 2506
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15177/seefor.25-06
ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER
Assessing the Short-Term Impact of the Oak Lace Bug (Corythucha arcuata) on Growth and Wood Properties of Quercus frainetto
Angelos Tsikas1,*, Paraskevi Karanikola1
(1) Democritus University of Thrace, Department of Forestry and Management of the Environment and Natural Resources, Laboratory of Forest Protection and Environmental Pollution, Ath Pantazidou 193, GR-682 00 Orestiada, Greece
Citation: Tsikas A, Karanikola P, 2025. Assessing the Short-Term Impact of the Oak Lace Bug (Corythucha arcuata) on Growth and Wood Properties of Quercus frainetto. South-east Eur for 16(1): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.15177/seefor.25-06.
Received: 25 Nov 2024; Revised: 22 Mar 2025; Accepted: 22 May 2025; Published online: 3 June 2025
Cited by: Google Scholar
Abstract
The oak lace bug Corythucha arcuata (Say, 1832), an invasive sap-sucking insect originating from North America, has rapidly spread across Europe, raising concerns about its impact on oak forest ecosystems. This study evaluates the short-term effects of C. arcuata infestation on radial growth and wood properties of Hungarian oak Quercus frainetto Ten. in Kalyvas-Margaritiou public forest complex along the Xanthi-Drama national highway in northeastern Greece, Xanthi Prefecture, Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, Greece. Oak trees were sampled in areas with varying degrees of infestation to compare growth characteristics and evaluate potential physiological impacts. Results revealed no statistically significant differences in tree radial growth or late/early wood ratios (p=0.125 and p=0.0837, respectively) between infested and non-infested trees. The study also highlights the critical role of highways as dispersal corridors, with infestation levels decreasing with distance from the roads. While short-term impacts appear negligible, the potential for long-term consequences remains a concern. Continuous infestation could interact with other stressors, such as drought, defoliation, and climate extremes, posing risks to tree health, acorn production, and associated biodiversity. This study underscores the importance of monitoring invasive species and their cumulative impacts on forest ecosystems.
Keywords: invasive species; herbivory impact on trees; forest pest dynamics; forest resilience; tree radial growth; oak forest management; ecosystem stability
INTRODUCTION
Sap-sucking insects can impose various stressors on plants, including tissue damage, leaf discolouration, shoot stunting, gall formation, and transmitting pathogens (Baumann 2005, Gullan and Cranston 2014). Among these impacts, mucivory (the consumption of plant fluids by insects) is thought to cause greater localised physiological stress, particularly on photosynthetic capacity, compared to mechanical leaf feeding (Meyer 1993). Sap-sucking insects disrupt the flow of nutrients and water, further affecting plant health and growth (Haukioja et al. 1990). Despite their high species richness and frequent presence on forest trees, native sap-sucking insects are typically regulated at low densities by natural enemies, making them less significant as pests in their native habitats (Branco et al. 2023). However, when introduced into new ecosystems, these insects may escape their natural enemies, leading to population explosions and severe damage to native vegetation (Mlynarek 2015).
The oak lace bug (OLB) Corythucha arcuata (Say, 1832) (Hemiptera: Tingidae), native to northeastern America, has become a significant invasive species in Europe. Since its first European record in Italy in 2000 (Bernardinelli and Zandigiacomo 2000), it has rapidly expanded across most European countries (Csóka et al. 2020, Paulin et al. 2020, Gil and Grosso-Silva 2021, Riba-Flinch 2022, Huberson et al. 2024), reaching Greece in 2018 in Xanthi Prefecture, Eastern Macedonia and Thrace (Csóka et al. 2020). OLB primarily infests deciduous oaks such as pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.), Hungarian oak (Q. frainetto Ten.), sessile oak (Q. petraea (Matt.) Liebl.), and Austrian oak (Q. cerris L.). Still, it can also exploit other host species (Csóka et al. 2020). Feeding by OLB adults and nymphs creates chlorotic discolouration and necrosis on the leaves, significantly reducing photosynthesis and stomatal conductance (Connell and Beacher 1947, Nikolić et al. 2019). Severe infestations can result in defoliation, compounding the physiological stress on trees (Mutun et al. 2009, Hrašovec et al. 2013). However, despite these effects, the impacts on tree growth remain largely unexplored (Ciceu et al. 2024).
Despite its known impacts on leaf physiology, the effects of C. arcuata infestations on annual tree growth remain underexplored. Deciduous oak forests in Greece, spanning 747,549 hectares and representing 29.8% of forested areas, hold significant ecological and economic importance. Growth reductions caused by OLB could result in considerable economic losses. While leaf-eating insects are known to reduce early-season growth (Muzika and Liebhold 1999, Colbert and Fekedulegn 2001), the effects of late-season infestations, such as those caused by OLB, are less well understood. The phenology of oak growth, primarily driven by environmental factors, is concentrated mainly in earlywood formation, which accounts for approximately 80% of annual growth by late July (Szőnyi 1962, Hirka 1991). As OLB populations typically peak in late summer (Bălăcenoiu et al. 2021), their impact on growth rings is expected to be more pronounced in latewood. Reducing latewood density could degrade wood quality, altering its physical and mechanical properties (Rao et al. 1997, Soheili et al. 2021).
This study aims to determine whether C. arcuata infestation affects annual growth increments in Q. frainetto over the short term. By examining changes in growth rings and the earlywood-to-latewood ratio, we aim to provide insights into the pest’s effects on forest productivity and wood quality.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area
The study was conducted in the public forest complex "Kalyvas-Margaritiou" in the northwestern part of Xanthi Prefecture, Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, Greece. The area spans 14,378 hectares, with coordinates ranging from 41°11′44″ to 41°18′50″ N and 24°34′52″ to 24°47′41″ E (Figure 1). The elevation varies from 70 to 1,440 m above sea level, averaging 750 m. The region experiences a temperate Mediterranean climate (Köppen-Geiger classification: Csa), characterised by hot, dry summers, with an average annual temperature of approximately 15°C and total annual precipitation of around 650–900 mm.
Forested oak stands, occupying 8,612 hectares, are dominated by Hungarian oak, sessile oak, downy oak (Q. pubescens Willd.), Austrian oak, and sporadically pedunculate oak (Q. robur subsp. pedunculiflora (K.Koch) Menitsky). These species form mixed or pure stands, often hybridising (Jensen 1988, Ponton et al. 2004).
Field Study
From late September to late November 2023, the study area was surveyed for OLB infestations, coinciding with the insect’s peak population and maximum leaf discolouration (Gninenko et al. 2021). Infestation levels were recorded in representative oak stands at predetermined points, totalling 36 points. Four trees per site were selected for each point, totalling 144 trees. Branches were sampled using telescopic scissors to obtain representative crown samples. Fifty leaves were randomly collected per tree, totaling 720, sealed in airtight bags, and transported to the Laboratory of Forest Protection and Environmental Pollution, Democritus University of Thrace, for further analysis.
Using an Olympus SZX7 stereomicroscope, leaves were examined for OLB (adults, nymphs, or eggs). Following published keys, identification was based on morphological traits (Drew and Arnold 1977, Horn et al. 1979). Leaves with metachromatic spots but no insect presence were excluded to avoid misclassification.
Infestation Classification
The infestation degree of every leaf was classified using a four-grade scale (Figure 2):
- No developmental stages or eggs detected;
- Minor infestation with a few individuals or egg clusters per leaf;
- Medium infestation with widespread stages and exudates;
- Severe infestation with abundant individuals, secretions, and discolouration.
Trees were categorised into four infestation levels based on the percentage of affected leaves:
0. No infestation;
1. Minor infestation (most leaves classified as grade II);
2. Moderate infestation (most leaves classified as grade III);
3. Severe infestation (most leaves classified as grade IV).
Growth Analysis
In January and February 2024, four dominant, healthy Q. frainetto trees were selected from each infestation category (16 trees total). Increment cores were extracted at breast height from the north-facing side of each tree to minimise the effect of sunlight exposure on growth patterns using a Pressler increment borer. Samples were air-dried and prepared for growth ring analysis (Figure 2). Growth rings from the past ten years (2013–2023) were examined. Each ring was divided into earlywood and latewood, using a density-based segmentation approach in Natsumushi v1.10.1 software.
Figure 3. Air-dried and prepared the increment core.
Statistical Analysis
To assess infestation across different oak species, infestation data for each tree were analysed and summarised using R version 4.4.2 (R Core Team 2024). A bar graph was generated to illustrate infestation levels across oak species.
Latewood-to-earlywood ratios were calculated, and resistance to infestation was evaluated using the Lloret et al. (2011) formula, as the ratio of growth during 2018–2023 (Gca) to growth before infestation, 2013–2017 (Gprev):
(1)
Differences in ring widths and earlywood-to-latewood ratios between infestation categories were analysed using t-tests and one-way ANOVA. Before applying these analyses, homogeneity of variances was confirmed with F-tests. The results indicated that Q. frainetto had the highest number of sampled trees and exhibited the greatest diversity of infestation levels, making it the most suitable species for focused analysis.
RESULTS
In the surveyed area, the oak lace bug (Corythucha arcuata, OLB) was primarily found in oak forests along the Xanthi-Drama national highway, where it exhibited the highest infestation levels. Infestation appeared to be the highest near roads, though precise distances were not measured. The infestation severity varied across oak species, as shown in Figure 4. Q. frainetto, with the highest number of trees sampled, exhibited the greatest diversity of infestation levels, making it the best species for focus. At the same time, Q. petraea and Q. pubescens had lower infestation diversity, mostly at levels 0 and 1 of the analysis.
Figure 4.The infestation severity in the sampled trees.
The radial growth analysis revealed no statistically significant differences in the annual growth rings before and after the first recorded infestation in 2018 (Table 1, p=0.125). Similarly, no significant variations were observed in the growth rates of trees across different infestation levels. The tree resistance index (RtR_tRt), calculated as the ratio of growth during infestation years to pre-infestation years, consistently approached 1, regardless of infestation degree (Table 2).
Table 2. Review of the various types and specifications of drones used in wildfire fighting.
The ratio of latewood to earlywood remained stable over the last five years across all trees and infestation levels (p=0.0837, Table 3). This indicates no observable impact on the proportion of wood produced during different parts of the growing season. As a result, no evidence was found for reductions in timber production or alterations in wood mechanical properties attributable to OLB infestation.
DISCUSSION
The first detection of OLB in Xanthi in 2018 (Csóka et al. 2020) marked the beginning of its rapid expansion across the region. We do not know if its first recording is also the gateway to the country. Still, its rapid invasion makes OLB the most threatening invasive arthropod in European oak ecosystems (Ciceu et al. 2024). Its presence has since been confirmed in Drama Prefecture and Corfu Island (GBIF database) and nearby Bulgaria (Dobreva et al. 2013). The observed infestation patterns, predominantly along roadways, align with the insect’s known dispersal mechanisms, primarily involving anthropogenic transport via vehicles (Simov et al. 2018, Tomescu et al. 2018). The lower infestation levels in more remote areas support this hypothesis, suggesting limited natural dispersal beyond human-impacted zones.
The lack of significant differences in radial growth and wood quality across infestation levels suggests that, in the short term, OLB does not adversely affect tree growth or timber properties. This could be attributed to several factors. First, the timing of the oak lace bug’s life cycle may mitigate its impact. The insect reaches peak populations and causes the most severe leaf damage late in the growing season, after the completion of earlywood formation, which constitutes the bulk of radial growth (Hirka 1991). Second, the physiological resilience of oaks, which are adapted to intermittent defoliation and environmental stressors, likely plays a role (Nikolić et al. 2019).
Despite these findings, long-term effects remain uncertain. Prolonged infestations may amplify stress on trees, particularly when combined with other biotic and abiotic stressors such as defoliating insects, drought, and heatwaves (Pap et al. 2018, Drekić et al. 2020, Stojanović et al. 2021). Chronic infestations could also reduce acorn production, critical for forest regeneration and wildlife, and alter the dynamics of oak-associated organisms.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings indicate that OLB infestation does not significantly affect oak growth or wood mechanical properties in the short term. This resilience is likely due to the timing of the insect's activity and the oak's physiology's inherent adaptability. However, it is crucial to acknowledge the potential long-term consequences. Prolonged and heavy infestations may exacerbate stress when compounded with other environmental and biotic pressures, such as climate change-induced droughts, heatwaves, or defoliation events. These factors could compromise tree health, productivity, and ecosystem services.
Furthermore, infestations may influence oak ecosystems beyond tree growth. Potential reductions in acorn production could disrupt regeneration processes and adversely affect wildlife dependent on this critical resource. Additionally, oak-associated communities, including insects, fungi, and microorganisms, might experience changes due to shifts in tree vitality and leaf chemistry. Therefore, understanding these cascading effects is vital for devising effective forest management strategies.
Future research should focus on:
- Longitudinal studies to monitor the cumulative effects of infestation;
- Evaluations of acorn yield and quality under infestation pressure;
- Impacts on oak-associated organisms and trophic interactions;
- Examination of potential synergies between OLB and other stressors;
- Developing integrated pest management strategies to mitigate risks.
Given the rapid spread of OLB, these insights are critical for ensuring sustainable oak forest management and biodiversity conservation.
Author Contributions
AT and PK conceived and designed the research, carried out the field measurements and performed laboratory analysis, processed the data and performed statistical analysis, secured the research funding, supervised the study, helped draft the manuscript, and wrote the manuscript.
Funding
This research was supported by the Forest Service of Xanthi, as part of the Project 2023NA27500011 "Maintaining the health and vitality of Forest Ecosystems - Effective implementation of the Community phytosanitary regime - Grant from the Institute of Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems of the Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter for taking samples of infestation and point control (2014ΣΕ58400006)" and funded by the Hellenic Ministry of the Environment and Energy (MEEN) “2nd approval of the threshold for undertaking new legal commitments in the regional Forestry Services of SANA 275 of the Public Investment Program 2023”.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
REFERENCES
Bălăcenoiu F, Japelj A, Bernardinelli I, Castagneyrol B, Csóka G, Glavendekić M, Hoch G, Hrašovec B, Krajter Ostoić S, Paulin M, Williams D, Witters J, de Groot M, 2021. Corythucha arcuata (Say, 1832) (Hemiptera, Tingidae) in its European invasive range: perception, knowledge and willingness to act in foresters and citizens. NeoBiota 69: 133–153. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.69.71851.
Baumann P, 2005. Biology of bacteriocyte-associated endosymbionts of plant sap-sucking insects. Annu Rev Microbiol 59: 155–189. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.59.030804.121041.
Bernardinelli I, Zandigiacomo P, 2001. Corythucha arcuata (Say): a new pest for European oaks. In: Knizek M, Forster B, Grodzki W, Chira D, Mihalciuc V, Mihalache G (eds) Proceedings of the IUFRO working party 7.03.10 workshop “Methodology of forest insect and disease survey in Central Europe”, Buşteni & Brasov, Romania, 24-28 September 2000. Lux Libris, Brasov, Romania, 121–122.
Branco M, Franco JC, Mendel Z, 2023. Chapter 13. Sap-Sucking Forest Pests. In: Allison JD, Paine TD, Slippers B, Wingfield MJ (eds) Forest Entomology and Pathology. Volume 1: Entomology. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 417-456. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11553-0_13.
Ciceu A, Bălăcenoiu F, de Groot M, Chakraborty D, Avtzis D, Barta M, Blaser S, Bracalini M, Castagneyrol B, Chernova UA, Çota E, Csóka G, Dautbasic M, Glavendekic M, Gninenko YI, Hoch G, Hradil K, Husemann M, Meshkova V, Mujezinovic O, Schueler S, 2024. The ongoing range expansion of the invasive oak lace bug across Europe: current occurrence and potential distribution under climate change. Sci Total Environ 949: 174950 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174950.
Colbert JJ, Fekedulegn D, 2001. Effect of gypsy moth defoliation on tree growth – preliminary models for effects of cumulative defoliation on individual host tree radial increment. In: Liebhold AM, McManus ML, Ötvös IS, Fosbroke SLC (eds) Proceedings of the Integrated management and dynamics of forest defoliating insects. General Technical Report, 227, Victoria (British Columbia), Canada, 15-19 August 1999. Northeastern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Newtown Square, USA, 16–30.
Connell WA, Beacher JH, 1947. Life history and control of the oak lace bug. Res Bull - Univ Nebr (Linc campus), Agric Exp Stn 265: 1-28.
Csóka G, Hirka A, Mutun S, Glavendekic M, Mikó Á, Szocs L, Paulin M, Eötvös CB, Gáspár C, Csepelényi M, Szénási Á, Franjevic M, Gninenko Y, Dautbašic M, Muzejinovic O, Zúbrik M, Netoiu C, Buzatu A, Balacenoiu F, Jurc M, Jurc D, Bernardinelli I, Streito JC, Avtzis D, Hrašovec B, 2020. Spread and potential host range of the invasive oak lace bug [Corythucha arcuata (Say, 1832) – Heteroptera: Tingidae] in Eurasia. Agr Forest Entomol 22(1): 61-74. https://doi.org/10.1111/afe.12362.
Dobreva M, Simov N, Georgiev G, Mirchev P, Georgieva M, 2013. First record of Corythucha arcuata (Say) (Heteroptera: Tingidae) on Balkan Peninsula. Acta Zool Bulga 65: 409–412.
Drekić M, Poljaković-Pajnik L, Kovačević B, Milović M, Pilipović A, Vasić V, 2020. Sessile oak fauna of cynipid gall wasps of Mt Fruška gora. Topola 205: 59–66. [in Serbian].
Drew WA, Arnold DC, 1977. Tingoidea of Oklahoma (Hemiptera). Proc Okla Acad Sci 57: 29-31.
Gil F, Grosso-Silva JM, 2021. Corythucha arcuata (Hemiptera: Tingidae), new species for the Iberian Peninsula. Arquivos Entomolóxicos 24: 307–308.
Gninenko YI, Chernova UA, Nalepin VP, 2021. The oak lace bug: appearance and distribution in Russia. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Electronic Conference on Entomology, 1–15 July 2021. MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.3390/IECE-10390.
Gullan PJ, Cranston PS, 2014. The insects: an outline of entomology. Wiley, Chichester, UK.
Haukioja E, Ruohomäki K, Senn J, Suomela J, Walls M, 1990. Consequences of herbivory in the mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. tortuosa): importance of the functional organization of the tree. Oecologia 82: 238– 247. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00323540.
Hirka A, 1991. Investigation of the annual circumference growth of beech spruce and sessile oak. Erdészeti Kutatások 82-83: 15–23. [In Hungarian].
Horn KF, Wright CG, Farrier MH, 1979. The lace bugs (Hemiptera: Tingidae) of North Carolina and their hosts [Economic plants]. NC Agric Exp Stn Tech Bull, 257. https://doi.org/10.3/JQUERY-UI.JS.
Hrašovec B, Posaric D, Lukic I, Pernek M, 2013. First record of oak lace bug (Corythucha arcuata) in Croatia. Sumar List 137: 499–503. [In Croatian].
Huberson N, Puisnel A, Delandhuy A, Daubrée JB, 2024. Evolution of the colonization by the invasive species Corythucha arcuata (Say, 1832) in mainland France between 2017 and 2022 by cross-referencing (Hemiptera, Tingidae). Bull Soc Entomol Fr 129(2): 105-118. https://doi.org/10.32475/bsef_2314. [in French].
Jensen RJ, 1988. Assessing patterns of morphological variation of Quercus spp. in mixed oak communities. Am Midl Nat 120: 120–135. https://doi.org/10.2307/2425892.
Kaufman LH, 1982. Stream aufwuchs accumulation: disturbance frequency and stress resistance and resilience. Oecologia 52: 57-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00349012.
Lloret F, Keeling EG, Sala A, 2011. Components of tree resilience: effects of successive low-growth episodes in old ponderosa pine forests. Oikos 120: 1909-1920. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19372.x.
MacGillivray CW, Grime JP, The Integrated Screening Programme (ISP) Team, 1995. Testing predictions of resistance and resilience of vegetation subjected to extreme events. Funct Ecol 9: 640-649. https://doi.org/10.2307/2390156.
Meyer GA, 1993. A comparison of the impacts of leaf-and-sap-feeding insects on growth and allocation of Goldenrod. Ecol 74(4): 1101–1116. https://doi.org/10.2307/1940480.
Mlynarek JJ, 2015. Testing the enemy release hypothesis in a native insect species with an expanding range. PeerJ 3: e1415. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1415.
Mutun S, Ceyhan Z, Sözen C, 2009. Invasion by the Oak Lace Bug, Corythucha arcuata (Say) (Heteroptera: Tingidae) in Turkey. Turk J Zool 33: 263–268. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-0806-13.
Muzika RM, Liebhold AM, 1999. Changes in radial increment in host and non-host tree species with gypsy moth defoliation. Can J For Res 29: 1365–1373. https://doi.org/10.1139/x99-098.
Nikolić N, Pilipović A, Drekić M, Kojić D, Poljaković-Pajnik L, Orlović S, Arsenov D, 2019. Physiological responses of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) to Corythucha arcuata (Say, 1832) attack. Arch Biol Sci 71: 167–176. https://doi.org/10.2298/ABS180927058N.
Pap P, Drekić M, Poljaković-Pajnik L, Vasić V, Marković M, Zlatković M, Stojanović DV, 2018. Monitoring and forecasting of harmful organisms in forests and plantations of Vojvodina, Serbia in 2018. Topola 201–202: 251–274. [In Serbian].
Paulin M, Hirka A, Eötvös CB, Gáspár C, Fürjes-Mikó Á, Csóka G, 2020. Known and predicted impacts of the invasive oak lace bug (Corythucha arcuata) in European oak ecosystems—A review. Folia Oecol 47: 131–139. https://doi.org/10.2478/foecol-2020-0015.
Ponton S, Dupouey JL, Dreyer E, 2004. Leaf morphology as species indicator in seedlings of Quercus robur L. and Q. petraea (Matt.) Liebl.: modulation by irradiance and growth flush. Ann For Sci 61: 73– 80. https://doi.org/ 10.1051/forest:2003086.
R Core Team, 2024. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Available at: https://www.R-project.org/.
Rao RV, Aebischer DP, Denne MP, 1997. Latewood Density in Relation to Wood Fibre Diameter, Wall Thickness, and Fibre and Vessel Percentages in Quercus robur L. IAWA J 18(2): 127-138. https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001474.
Riba-Flinch JM, 2022. One new invasive species in Spain: records of the oak lace bug Corythucha arcuata (Say, 1832) (Hemiptera: Tingidae) and attacks on downy oak (Quercus pubescens) in the Arán Valley (Lérida, Oriental Pyrenees). Revista Gaditana de Entomología 13: 99–113. [In Spanish].
Simov N, Grozeva S, Langourov M, Georgieva M, Mirchev P, Georgiev G, 2018. Rapid expansion of the Oak lace bug Corythucha arcuata (Say, 1832) (Hemiptera: Tingidae) in Bulgaria. Hist Nat Bulg 27: 51–55.
Soheili F, Woodward S, Almasi I, Abdul-Hamid H, Naji HR, 2021. Variations in Wood Density, Annual Ring Width and Vessel Properties of Quercus brantii Affected by Crown Dieback. Forests 12: 642. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12050642.
Stojanović DB, Orlović S, Zlatković M, Kostić S, Vasić V, Miletić B, Kesić L, Matović B, Božanić D, Pavlović L, Milović M, Pekeč S, Đurđević V, 2021. Climate change within Serbian forests: Current state and future perspectives. Topola 208: 39–56.
Szőnyi L, 1962. Data on the increase in thickness of some tree species. Az Erdő 97(7): 289–300. [In Hungarian].
Tomescu R, Olenici N, Netoiu C, Bălăcenoiu F, Buzatu A, 2018. Invasion of the oak lace bug Corythucha arcuata (Say.) in Romania: a first extended reporting. Ann For Res 61(2): 161-170. https://doi.org/10.15287/afr.2018.1187.
© 2025 by the Croatian Forest Research Institute. This is an Open Access paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0).